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The Spanish Inquisition was independent of the medieval Inquisition. It was established (1478) by Ferdinand and Isabella with the reluctant approval of Sixtus IV. One of the first and most notorious heads was Tomas de Torquemada. It was entirely controlled by the Spanish kings, and the pope s only hold over it was in naming the inquisitor general. The popes were never reconciled to the institution, which they regarded as usurping a church