The Modoc War

The Modoc War was one of the most dramatic American Indian wars in U. S. history. The Modoc War began in November 1872 when the military tried to force a small band of Modoc Indians, led by Captain Jack, to a reservation. The Modocs took refuge in an ancient lava flow that became their stronghold. Today it is a part of the Lava Beds National Monument. The Modocs knew the land and used it to their advantage. Twisting lava tubes and hidden caves created the perfect hideout for fiftyfive Modoc warriors and their families. Indian policy was the subject of national debate and many humanitarians sided with the Modocs. Then the Indians attacked a peace commission, resulting in the only U. S. General killed in an Indian conflict. The government cracked down hard, calling for swift punishment. By the end, the Modocs were fighting off a force of nearly 1, 000 men, made up of both military soldiers and civilian volunteers. Again and again, the small band of Indians overcame incredi